The 20th century has made Argentina one of the most highly urbanized countries in Latin America. It also became perhaps the most European nation of the Western Hemisphere, in the ancestry of its population.

Argentina's population is estimated to be around 38 million. The largest concentration is in Buenos Aires and other concentrations of people are in Cordoba, Rosario, Bahia Blanca, Tucuman and Mendoza. Early in the 19th century, the unitarist faction in Argentine politics had followed Juan Bautista Alberdi, who was passionate about European immigration which resulted in a large proportion of the European immigrants settling in the capital city. There they established businesses, artisan shops, and services. Paralled with the immigration increase, the import and export of good increased the activity of Buenos Aires as a commercial city, a railroad hub and a port city. At the same time, the focus of a growing literary and artistic life blossomed.

By 1914, about 54% of the population was urban and 30% of the people were immigrants. The immigrants came from all over europe, the great majority from Spain and Italy and a perceptible number from Germany, Britain and eastern Europe. Argentina came to have the largest Jewish population in Latin America. The first Japanese arrived in the later half of the 19th century, establishing themselves as expert dry cleaners and as horticulturists. Argentina also has communities from Korea, Taiwan, the People's Republic of China and Honk Kong.

The population also consists of immigrants from the surrounding south American countries like Chile, Bolivia, Peru, Paraguay and Uruguay. Most work as laborers on sheep estancias, as construction workers or as seasonal laborers on plantations.

Argentina was also involved in the African slave trade. It is said that in 1810, blacks made up around 30% of the population of Buenos Aires and other towns. But by 1887, African Argentines were just 2% of the population of Buenos Aires.

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